Alkane (–R) Halide (–X) Alcohol (–OH) Ketone Aldehyde Carboxylic Acid Amine (–NH₂) Ester (–COO–) Amide (–CONH₂) Nitrile (–C≡N) Ether (–O–) Thiol (–SH) Aromatic Groups Acyl Halide